Blackhole Information Paradox
Stephen Hawking is an important name in twentieth-century physics. Hawking is one of the pioneers of the theory of particle gravitation that physicists around the world are working on today. While searching for black holes or black holes, he showed a case of loss of information, which we call the black hole information paradox. It highlights the limitations of Einstein’s theory of gravitation. Let’s start from the beginning to understand things better.
There are four types of interactions at the root of everything that happens in the material world. We are familiar with the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions of the everyday world. Due to the gravitational interaction, we feel the weight. The rainwater falls downwards, the moon rotates the Earth, and the Earth circles the Sun, and so on. We experience more and more of the same forces in everyday life, such as rubbing the floor with shoes, tensing muscles, or pushing in crowds, all due to electromagnetic interactions. Talk about the soft reflection of the moonlight in the water of the lake or the magical light of the neon lights and the terrible fires or the thunderbolts — these are all due to this interaction.
In addition, there are strong nuclear and weak nuclear interactions. Because they operate only in the nucleus of an atom or smaller, their existence is not directly felt in everyday life. But their role in the process of formation and transformation of basic substances is immense. Due to the strong nuclear interaction, protons can stick together in the nucleus of an atom. There would be no elemental matter other than hydrogen without it, so there would be no carbon-based life. It would be wrong to take the name of weak nuclear interaction lightly. It is due to the radioactive beta decay of the atomic nucleus. Weak nuclear interaction plays an important role in burning the energy of the huge nuclear reactor called the Sun.
No matter how easy it is to feel gravity, it is the most mysterious basic interaction. Think about it, when a small child gently holds a bottle of milk in his hand, does the gravitational pull of a whole planet called Earth means a rate to him? It is because gravity is the weakest of the many weak-fundamental interactions. Due to this weakness, it is very difficult to understand the nature of gravity on a small scale. On a large scale, however, only gravity can exist, and it is easy to understand because the combined gravity of many, many particles has a strong shape. It does not happen in the case of electromagnetic interactions because the interactions cancel out each other due to the presence of two types of electric charges, positive and negative. On the other hand, nuclear interactions are largely ineffective.
Another major pillar of modern physics is Einstein’s theory of general relativity. It nicely explains the behavior of gravity on a large scale. The glory of this theory is blackened. The recent detection of gravitational waves has added another feather to the crown of centuries of success. But we know for sure that this theory has its limitations. Einstein did not believe that “God does not play dice.” Einstein’s theory of gravitation on a small scale will therefore give wrong results. Therefore, general relativity needs to be brought under the particle principle. It is not an easy task because the force of gravity that would be relevant if particles in a tiny world are far beyond our reach. Therefore, there is no experimental data on the behavior of particle gravity, and the chances of getting it soon are slim. This obstacle could not stop the interested people.
What Hawking arrived at this result was not a complete theory of particle gravitation but a simple combination of Einstein’s theory of gravitation and particle theory. In academic language, it is called semicircular approximation. It is not possible to swear that this recipe will give the right result. Knowledge of other branches of physics strongly indicates that unity is inviolable, and information cannot be lost. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a coherent theory by combining general relativity and particle theory, to maintain unity and preserve knowledge. This theory will correctly explain the behavior of gravity in the smallest range. It is what we call the theory of particle gravity or quantum gravity. Hawking’s work, therefore, demonstrates the limitations of Einstein’s theory and the necessity of a complete theory of particle gravitation. Hawking will remain immortal through his work.